Tag Archive for 'economics'

A Perfect Opportunity

Published on 20 February, 2010. 0 Comments

A couple of months ago, I blogged about the possibility of an experienced outsider being brought into the cabinet as Minister for Trade, Enterprise and Employment (Jim O’Hara being that outsider). Through the various twists and turns of Irish politics over the past week or so, a sequence of events has given Brian Cowen the perfect opportunity to make just such a shake-up:

  1. Willie O’Dea’s resignation from the cabinet
    With O’Dea gone from the Department of Defense, a cabinet reshuffle is now inevitable. While many are speculating that Cowen will simply appoint one of the junior ministers to fill O’Dea’s post, he hasn’t reshuffled his cabinet since taking office in 2008 (in a very different economic climate), and now would be the perfect time to do so. What’s more, with a vacant seat on the cabinet, an independent minister could be brought in without having to relegate any of the sitting Fianna Fail ministers to the backbenches. This could help diffuse any animosity that the FF parliamentary party might have about bringing in someone from outside Fianna Fail.
  2. Deirdre de Burca’s resignation from the Seanad
    As well as an opening in the cabinet, there’s now an opening in the Seanad, thanks to Deirdre de Burca. As she occupied one of the 11 Seanad seats reserved for nominees of the Taoiseach, Brian Cowen can now appoint whoever he likes, at as short notice as he likes, to replace her. Indeed, he could nominate someone on Monday morning, and by Monday evening they could be sitting at the cabinet table. Of course, as the seat was previously held by a Green, the Green Party will undoubtedly want another of their own to replace her. Cowen would do well to remind them that Fianna Fail recently elected Niall O’Brolchain as an additional Green senator to replace Labour’s Alan Kelly, and that Cowen’s appointee would be independent, rather than from Fianna Fail. Of course, if that didn’t work, a promise of an additional junior minister post for the Greens in the reshuffle would probably do the trick.
  3. Mary Coughlan’s cock-up over the Ryanair hangar proposal
    Mary Coughlan has made quite a few mistakes and gaffes during her tenure as Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, but, at a time when unemployment is at its highest in a generation, her inability to secure 500 jobs that seemed to be offered on a plate by Ryanair is the first one to really make her position look untenable. What’s more, after O’Dea’s resignation, any further revelation in the Coughlan-Ryanair saga could have catastrophic consequences for the government. It would be best for Cowen to reassign her to a different portfolio as part of a wider cabinet reshuffle, which would prevent any arguments over her handling of Ryanair’s proposals from becoming a resigning matter. In order to illustrate that her movement out of the portfolio is simply part of the reshuffle and not a demotion, she could keep the position of Tanaiste in her new role.
  4. Greece’s future is still shaky
    Within the the next week, Greece is expected to try to raise up to €5 billion euros from international bond markets, which will be a big test of market confidence in their finances. If Greece struggles through this test, renewed pressure will come not only on them, but also on the other ‘peripheral countries’ in the eurozone, including Ireland. Brian Lenihan’s budget in December bought us a bit of leeway compared to Greece, Spain and Portugal, but we can’t count on that goodwill from the markets to last forever, and now would be a very good time to differentiate ourselves once again, by bringing in an outside expert to a major economic post on the cabinet. By picking the right person, and handling the international press well, any potential fallout from Greece’s problems could be neatly defected, keeping our own borrowing within reasonable costs.

I had previously suggested Jim O’Hara to take over the role of Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, and I still think that he would be a very good choice. Of course, so long as Cowen were to avoid appointing anyone who was in any way involved in either the property or finance industries, there are quite a few successful Irish businessmen and businesswomen who would fit the bill, including some of the members of the Taoiseach’s own innovation taskforce. The important thing is to appoint someone who would be respected by the international business community, with any experience in high-tech exports as an added bonus.

Whoever Cowen were to choose, he now has a perfect opportunity to create a rare piece of good news for the government, and to end a dreadful couple of weeks for his party (and Irish politics as a whole) on a high note. Of course, whether he has the fortitude to make good on this opportunity is a different matter entirely…

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Why Not ‘Too Stable To Fail’?

Published on 25 January, 2010. 3 Comments

After reading about Obama’s proposals for limiting the size of banks, it has occurred to that there may be a more nuanced way to prevent banks becoming ‘too big to fail’, without having to put an explicit cap on their size or market share. Banks currently have to keep a certain percentage of their deposits in the form of safe capital (effectively cash or government bonds), and the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold in low-risk assets like these are known as capital requirements. It’s generally accepted that higher capital requirements mean that banks are more stable, but conversely when banks have to put more of their deposits in safe capital, there’s less to fund lending elsewhere. Over the past few decades capital requirements have gradually shrunk, increasing the ability of banks to lend, but making them more susceptible to financial shocks, like the one we’ve experienced over the past couple of years. Unsurprisingly, many are now calling for capital requirements to be increased considerably, to try to prevent future crises.

Which leads me to my question for those with more knowledge of financial regulation than I do; why not make capital requirements non-linear with regard to the size of the bank? Or, in more simple terms, why not force bigger banks to keep a higher percentage of their deposits in safe assets than smaller banks do? The reasoning for this is fairly straightforward; small banks can have a relatively high failure rate without posing systemic risk to the wider financial sector, whereas the fall of a single large bank can be catastrophic for the entire economy (hence the phrase ‘too big to fail’). The structure of capital requirements could be rejigged such that small banks would have modest capital requirements, and as bank size increases, so do their capital requirements. This could be continued to the extent that once a bank became ‘too big to fail’, its capital requirements would be almost 100% (making it in effect a narrow bank), meaning it would become, in theory at least, ‘too stable to fail’.

Unlike an across-the-board increase in capital requirements, such a system of non-linear capital requirements would give smaller institutions the capacity to continue with a healthy level of lending, while still ensuring that the largest banks are sufficiently stable. Furthermore, it would have the advantage of not requiring an explicit cap on the size of banks (which in fact already exists in the US, but has been repeatedly breached over the past couple of decades). Instead, the market itself would settle the appropriate sizes for banks, balancing between the needs of stability and lending capacity.

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Why Obama Should (Threaten To) Veto His Own Climate Change Bill

Published on 19 January, 2010. 0 Comments

Obama 2008While most of you reading this will already know how much of a policy nerd I am, if you needed any further proof it would be my reason for supporting Barack Obama in the 2008 US Presidential election against John McCain. While I wasn’t decisively swayed one way or another by the broad policy positions on foreign affairs, economics, etc., I decided to take a closer look at the specifics of their environmental policies (which were very similar on the surface). They both proposed a cap-and-trade system of reducing emissions, but Obama promised that 100% of the emissions credits would be auctioned off, whereas McCain had in mind a system where some of the credits would be auctioned, and others allocated by Congress. As similar as they were on the surface, Obama was proposing a cap-and-trade system that works, and McCain was proposing one that doesn’t, so I shifted my support to Obama.

Fast forward to 2010, though, and the climate change bill that’s moving from Congress to the Senate is far removed from Obama’s system, with a whopping 85% of credits being allocated by Congress and only 15% to be auctioned. This doesn’t just defeat the purpose of a cap-and-trade system, but is actually worse than no bill at all. By giving congressmen the power to allocate hundreds of billions of dollars worth of credits, the bill would create a volume of pork that even the most cynical of Washington-watchers would never have thought possible. The system would be a goldmine for lobbyists, and the credits would end up mainly in the hands of the most highly polluting industries, leaving lower-polluting companies to buy them via auction, and ironically shouldering the higher costs.

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The Myth Of The Smart Economy

Published on 17 December, 2009. 1 Comment

Brian Cowen and company seem quite enamored with the term ’smart economy’ these days, chalking everything from Máire Geoghegan-Quinn’s European Commission portfolio to more jobs in the bookie’s up to the government’s dedication to all sorts of high-tech wizardry. In fact, if you were to ask a member of the government how they plan to bring Ireland’s economy back up from its knees in the coming years, you’re virtually guaranteed to hear the phrase smart economy along with its fellow buzz-term ‘green economy’ firmly lodged in their first sentence. This should be heartening to hear; a focus on high-tech, export oriented industries promises much more stable, long-term growth prospects for the coming decade than the national property bubble that we relied upon for the current one. Unfortunately, while our cabinet members have certainly learnt how to say the words smart economy, I don’t think any of them seem to have realised what they actually mean.

You might expect a government with such an attachment to the notion of Ireland being a high-tech hub to have some sort of record of positioning the country as an international leader in the field over the past decade. The reality as it turns out, is quite the opposite. It’s not just that we’re not at the top of the international league tables on this, we’re actually, in a word, shit.

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The Ethics and Economics of Inheritance Tax

Published on 8 December, 2009. 0 Comments

In the run up to the budget, with Ireland digging itself into more than €400,000,000 of extra debt every week, it’s unsurprising that there’s a lot of disagreement on how to bridge the gap between tax revenue and government spending. Some favour huge tax hikes, some want massive spending cuts, some are looking for both, and there are even a few who don’t want to have to deal with either, and hope that the whole thing will just sort itself out somehow. While I would more usually align myself on the side of spending cuts, there are a few avenues open for the government to increase tax revenue without pushing the economy further into recession, and I believe these should be fully exploited. In particular, there’s one form of tax of which there has been barely a whisper of discussion on of late, and that’s inheritance tax.

In Ireland, tax on inheritances comes in the form of the Capital Acquisitions Tax (CAT). This tax, which also covers gifts, was increased from a nominal rate of 20% to 22% in the April budget, but due to a range of exemptions and reductions that cover pretty much anything anyone would ever be likely to inherit, the actual effective rate will top out at 2% even on the largest inheritances, and in the vast majority of cases will be zero.

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Carbon Bonds Could Reduce Government Borrowing Costs Too

Published on 2 December, 2009. 0 Comments

After my post a few weeks ago proposing a form of emissions-linked government bond which I called a ‘carbon bond’, I’ve realised an unintended benefit that the carbon bonds would bring to any government that issues them: they would reduce long-term borrowing costs. This actually surprised me when I realised it, as it certainly wasn’t one of the intended consequences of issuing the bonds, but after considering the matter, it’s actually quite clear that borrowing costs would be lower for governments offering carbon bonds, subject to a couple of conditions.

I’m not going to go over a formal mathematical proof here (I like to think my blog hasn’t become quite that nerdy yet), but here’s the reasoning behind my claim:

Assume creditors are buying ten-year government bonds at an interest rate n. Now, if they also have the option of buying a ten-year carbon bond from the government, that carbon bond is going to have a base interest rate m, which would be increased by r if the government goes over its promised allocation of emissions permits by some given amount. We’ll assume that the market of creditors will place a probability p on the government actually having to pay out the higher m + r interest rate. The only reason that p would be zero would be if the markets had absolute and complete confidence that a government would never renege on its promises. We know that’s not true, so we can say that p is nonzero.

The expected interest payment for the carbon bond will be the base rate m plus the increment r times the probability p that the increment will have to actually be paid. That is, expected interest will be m + (p * r). Given the choice between either the regular government bond or the carbon bond, if one has an expected interest rate which is higher than the other, then creditors will simply all buy the one with the higher rate. This means that, in an efficient market, the expected rate for both should be equal, ie n = m + (p * r). Now, we know that both p and r are nonzero (if r was zero, then it would just be a regular bond), and are both positive. This means that m must be less than n for the market for both bonds to operate. That is, the base interest rate on the ten-year carbon bond has to be lower than the interest rate on standard government bonds. Which means that, so long as the government doesn’t actually deviate from its proposed emissions limits, issuing carbon bonds is going to be a definitively cheaper way to raise cash.

Of course, this is a simplified explanation; there would actually be a range of possible rs depending on how far over the emissions schedule the government went, and then a range of possible ps for the expected probabilities of each of those rs being paid out. However, the principle remains the same; markets are going to be willing to accept a lower base interest rate on carbon bonds so long as there is some non-zero probability that a higher interest rate will have to be paid out instead.

Interestingly, what a government would actually be doing with this scheme is betting on its own trustworthiness. The government is assuming with certainty that it will stick to its promises, whereas the markets don’t have the same faith. By issuing carbon bonds, a government can actually leverage this lack of trust in the form of lower interest rates. Of course, to benefit from these lower base rates, the government would actually have to stick to its promises, and can it really be that confident of itself?

Edit (30/03/2010): This post was originally written using the term ‘green bonds’. I’ve since changed all references to ‘carbon bonds’ instead. This is to bring the terminology closer to that used by Michael Mainelli and Jan-Peter Onstwedder in a proposal made last year, where they used the term ‘index-linked carbon bonds’ to describe effectively the same thing. The change should also remove any confusion with other uses of the term ‘green bonds’.

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Want to show the public and the markets that you're taking the economic crisis seriously, Mr Cowen? Then appoint Jim O'Hara to the cabinet.

Published on 10 November, 2009. 0 Comments

While bouncing from economic crises to political crises and back again at an astounding rate, Brian Cowen has stumbled upon a brief opportunity to make a move that would reflect well both upon himself politically, and give a piece of potentially good economic news for the markets to ponder over for once. In a few weeks time, elections will be held to fill two vacant seats in the Seanad. The electorate for both of these seats are current TDs and Senators, and as the government has majorities in each chamber, government nominees are effectively guaranteed to win both seats. This gives Cowen the ability to bring pretty much whoever he likes into the Seanad in time for the new year. What’s more important, though, is that Cowen can, by article 28.7.2 of the constitution, appoint up to two members of the Seanad to the cabinet, which means that he can use these open Seanad positions as a platform to bring expertise into the cabinet that simply can’t be found amongst the ranks of the Dáil.

While such a step would be almost completely unprecedented (the provision to appoint Senators to cabinet has only been used, to my knowledge, once in the history of the state), the situation we’re in is similarly unprecedented. We’re currently in the midst of the greatest fiscal, economic and employment crises to afflict any developed country since the great depression, and there are only three qualified economists sitting in the 166-seat Dáil, two of whom are on the opposition benches. The degree of experience within the business sector in the Oireachtas is similarly underwhelming, which means there is very little the government can do to increase its authority on matters of the economy without bringing in outside help.

Bringing in fresh blood to take over as Finance Minister is not possible, as the position constitutionally has to be held by a TD. However, the second biggest economic portfolio, the Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, is a perfect position to bring outside expertise into. The current Minister, Mary Coughlan, is widely considered to be way out of her depth in the portfolio, and her repeated gaffes are doing the government little help in the popularity stakes. As such, bringing in a suitably qualified person in her place would help show both the electorate and the markets just how seriously the government are taking the current economic crises.

There certainly isn’t a shortage of candidates more qualified than Mary Coughlan for the position, but one that immediately springs to mind is Jim O’Hara. Jim O’Hara is currently Vice President of the Technology Manufacturing Group in Intel, and General Manager of Intel’s Irish operations, where he’s in charge of over 4000 employees. He’s very well respected in the business community, and he represents exactly the kind of high-tech, export-led industry that the government so desperately wants Ireland to become focussed on as we rebuild our economy. Furthermore, he showed during his involvement in the Lisbon Treaty campaign that he’s not only knowledgeable on political affairs, but also that he’s more than capable of presenting himself well in front of the political media.

Bringing him into the cabinet could be done quickly and easily. As it would be best for O’Hara to be seen as apolitical in his appointment, running him as a Fianna Fail candidate for one of the two vacancies directly would not be advisable. However, Cowen could simply call on one of Fianna Fail’s 6 Taoiseach’s appointees in the Seanad to resign from their current seat and run for one of the vacant seats (which they’d be guaranteed to win). O’Hara could then be appointed by Cowen as an independent appointee of the Taoiseach into then-vacant slot. Cowen could perform a mini-reshuffle of the cabinet (most likely giving Coughlan back the Agriculture portfolio she previously held, and pushing Brendan Smith back into a Junior Ministry), and appoint O’Hara as Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment before the start of the new year.

Brian Cowen needs to start taking radical steps towards both fixing the economy as well as improving the government’s tattered reputation if he wants to stay in office much longer. Most of the choices available to him would involve substantial opposition from vested interests across the country. He now, however, has the opportunity to make an unprecedented move that would be opposed by virtually no-one but Mary Coughlan. By appointing Jim O’Hara as Minister for Trade, Enterprise and Employment, Cowen could show just how seriously he’s taking the crisis, and that he’s willing to think outside the box in his efforts to do so.

And, as an added bonus for Cowen, the appointment would also be a political jab against Enda Kenny. Kenny decided last month that the Seanad is useless and he’d scrap it if elected Taoiseach, an announcement that was considered rash even by many members of his own party. By using the Seanad as a means to bring extra experience into the cabinet, Cowen could prove to Kenny that it isn’t so useless an institution after all.

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Carbon Bonds: Setting long-term incentives for emission reductions

Published on 8 November, 2009. 2 Comments

With the Copenhagen climate change convention coming up next month, many governments such as ours are looking for ways to demonstrate their commitment to long-term cuts in carbon emissions. Unfortunately, very few of these are anything more than worthless platitudes, and Ireland’s plans certainly fit within this category. Last week, the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Climate Change produced a report making a number of recommendations in advance of the Copenhagen convention. Chief amongst these is a recommendation that legally binding emissions targets be put in place, and that the Taoiseach be held legally responsible for sticking to these targets.

As well meaning as these recommendations are, they simply don’t address the reality of the situation. First off, there’s no constitutional mechanism for the Oireachtas to set such immutable targets. Any bill which the Oireachtas passes to restrict itself and the government in such a manner can simply be amended at a later point, making it an effectively worthless guarantee of future behavior, especially when the composition of the Dáil and cabinet may be radically different by the time the guarantee is meant to take effect. The question also arises of what exactly happens if these “legally binding” targets are exceeded? The state can hardly levy a fine upon itself. The further recommendation of making the Taoiseach legally responsible makes equally little sense. It’s simply unworkable to make a single individual, who may be in office for only a couple of years, legally responsible for the results of a decades-long program which involves the entire economy.

Of course, this begs the question of exactly how a government can make long-term commitments to reduced emissions levels. With the possibility of a new government being elected in a few years with completely different priorities, it’s hard to take seriously any long term plans of this kind. Furthermore, the credibility of the targets, and not just the targets themselves, are vitally important if we want to ensure long term reductions in emissions. This is because the sort of decisions businesses take to reduce emissions often have effects long into the future, even if those decisions can only be made on information available now.
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House Prices – 27% Decline Yet To Come?

Published on 29 October, 2009. 3 Comments

For one reason or another, the housing market has been on my mind recently, and in particular the various guesstimates of how much further house prices have to drop, or if they’ve already bottomed out, as some buyers might like to believe. Hence, as I have a tendency to do in these sort of situations, I decided to throw a load of numbers into an Excel spreadsheet and make my own attempt at empirically forecasting what “stable” house prices might look like, and how far we have to go until we get there. In doing this, I’ve focussed on the ratio of house prices to the country’s per capita GDP, and how this ratio has changed over the years. It would be reasonable to expect this ratio to be quite stable over time; the amount people are willing to pay for a property should be proportional to their earnings at the time.

Using house price data from The Department of The Environment, and indexed with GDP data from the CSO, I’ve put together the following graph of the ratio of house prices to GDP in Ireland since 1976 (click for full size):

House Prices to GDP Ratio

The Department of the Environment provides two separate series of house prices, one for new houses and one for second hand houses. Over the past decade the price of new houses has been quite a lot lower than second hand houses, as new builds have primarily been apartments and small houses which would bring down the average. For this reason I’m going to focus on the prices of second hand houses (red line above), although I’ve included new houses (blue line) in the graph for completeness.

What’s immediately obvious from the graph is the house price bubble over the past decade, reaching a peak of over 9 times per capita GDP in 2006. There was also a similar bubble, although not nearly as pronounced, in the latter years of the 70s. In trying to gauge what a “stable” ratio might look like, it’s the inter-bubble years between these two that we should be looking at. As such, I would propose that a ratio of 6 or below be considered stable for the housing market. The ratio stayed below this level from 1985 to 1997, and, aside from a dip in the mid-90s, was pretty steady throughout. As can be clearly seen in the graph, if a ratio of 6 is stable, we’re still far from stable at the moment.

In order to estimate how much further house prices have to drop to get to a ratio of 6 times per capita GDP, I’ve worked on the assumption that both nominal house prices and GDP will bottom out at the end of 2010. I’ve used the ESRI’s projections of GDP for this year and the next in my calculations. After doing the sums, it seems that nominal second hand house prices will have to fall by a further 27.2% below Q2 2009 levels if they’re to reach a stable ratio to GDP by the end of next year. Of course, I’m using a ratio of 6 as an upper bound for stability; if the ratio was to reach as low as 4.91 (which it got to in 1995), then we could be looking at a drop of 40.4% in nominal prices instead.

This shouldn’t come as pleasant reading for anyone who has a vested interest in high property prices. Unfortunately, with the NAMA legislation now making its way through the Dáil, it won’t be long before we all have such a vested interest, which is becoming more worrying by the day.

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An Economic Miracle Cure? The Case For A Negative Income Tax In Ireland

Published on 9 April, 2009. 1 Comment

Ireland is in the middle of what can only be described as a complete economic meltdown, with a recession to the tune of 8% of GDP, unemployment reaching into double digits, and a catastrophic decay in the public finances. Attempts to deal with these problems have unfortunately been limited to tinkering around the edges with marginal changes in the tax rates and limited cuts in public expenditure. The recent mini-budget has continued with this approach, and there have been very few proposals that have gone much further than creative accountancy when it comes to the budget, and little more than platitudes regarding a reduction in the unemployment rate, let alone anything that seriously addresses the collapse in GDP.

There is, however, a little known miracle cure that could do the trick for the Irish economy. It’s a relatively simple idea that could create 300,000 jobs, save the Government €2 billion, bring down the cost of living, dramatically increase Irish competitiveness and turn the corner towards economic growth. Sounds too good to be true? Perhaps it is, because nobody’s ever actually tried it.

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